An American Prisoner of War, World War II, Held by the Japanese Research Paper

An American Prisoner of War, World War II, Held by the Japanese - Research Paper Example Indeed, even I had been getting letters much of the time from my family in Wisconsin, however conditions, shielded me from returning considerably after United States had pronounced war on the Japanese. The ordinances were presently looked toward the oceans and the British Navy were prepared for the Japanese attack †or if nothing else, they thought they were, until the moment of retribution for a thousand Singaporeans went ahead eighth February, 2942. The British soldiers were outmaneuvered by the Japanese as their soldiers advanced into Singapore on bikes and subsequent to clearing their path through the overwhelming bogs and bogs of the Malay Peninsula, the Japanese shocked the British armed force. There were numerous accounts going on about the barbarity of the Japanese armed force and word got around that the Japanese were not keen on taking detainees any more. I A handout was disseminated among the Japanese that I additionally got the opportunity to see with my own eyes, which clearly was an unfavorable order that explicitly instructed them to consider their to be as the killers of their dads and not keep themselves away from murdering them, which will help their hearts. ii I just comprehended the genuine significance of the content after I had to learn Japanese in the camps, however these were only the tip of the icy mass of the unmitigated brutality that they had delivered on the individuals there. This spelled a calamity for everybody in the landmass and being on the edges of Bukit Timah, I had gotten acquainted with the hints of weapon shots and blast out there. The viciousness was quickly extending. The Singaporeans set up a last remain against Japan in the skirmish of Bukit Chandu headed by General Adnan, where the Japanese camouflaged themselves as Punjabi troops and were undermined. Notwithstanding the way that the Punjabi troops propelled a brilliant cautious assault, they outsmarted by the Japanese and afterward their

South America Essay Example for Free

South America Essay South America is a landmass made out of twelve nations and one French state. The Spanish-talking nations are: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The previous settlements of Guyana and Suriname utilize English and Dutch, separately, as their official dialects, albeit numerous in their populaces communicate in moderately same dialects. The equivalent can be said for the French settlement of Guiana, the home of the cayenne pepper, where French is the official language. The geology of South America is much more differed than that of North America, with long coastlines, marshes, good countries and mountains, and tropical downpour woods. The atmosphere differs from tropical, lying as it does over the Equator, to elevated in the high Andes, its foundation. The food of South America mirrors this rich assorted variety of culture and geology. The nearby cookeries of pre-Columbian South America have steadily met up with imported foods from Europe and Asia. While the Spanish and Portuguese adventurers acquainted their own culinary conventions with the local people groups of South America, indigenous fixings changed the cooking styles of the Old World. The South American commitments included chocolate, vanilla, maize which is corn, hot peppers called aji in South America, guavas, yams, manioc called cassava in South America, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, beans, squash, peanuts, quinine, and papayas, just as turkeys. Maize assumes a key job in the food of South America, and it is unmistakably not quite the same as the maize currently developed in the Old World, become for the most part evident in its bigger pieces. The potato is another vegetable indigenous to South America that has assumed a significant job in cooking around the world. There are additionally numerous vegetables in South America to a great extent obscure past the mainland, including ahipa, arracacha, maca, yacon, olluco, and oca. The socioeconomics of South America are basic for understanding the decent variety of its cooking styles. In nations like Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, the indigenous populaces are generally normal, and their nourishments and food ways are the most significant cooking styles. In Argentinas the cooking was vigorously affected by a huge European movement by Spaniards and Italians. All through South America, there is additionally an African impact because of the slave exchange, which has added to the culinary blend. Venezuela was found in 1498 by Columbus when he found the mouth of the Orinoco River. In 1499 the Venezuelan coast was investigated by Alonzo de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci, happening upon an island in the Gulf of Maracaibo, called it Venezuela in light of the fact that, as indicated by legend, the local towns were worked over the water on braces. Venezuela ascends from swamps to good countries with espresso estates climbing to the white-topped Andean pinnacles. It has a mellow atmosphere because of its closeness to the Caribbean. Caracas, Venezuelas capital, is the social, business, and modern movement. Presently I will reveal to you some neighborhood dishes that are known in Venezuela. Venezuelan cooking depends vigorously on maize. The two most significant arrangements are hallacas and arepas. Hallacas customarily eaten during occasions, particularly Christmas, bubbled dumplings enveloped by banana leaves, yet there are such a significant number of varieties, contingent upon area and family convention. Hallacas are made with a mixture made of maize flour blended in with water, which is then loaded up with meat, vegetables, and flavors. Arepas are adaptable flatbreads, additionally made of maize flour, that can be heated, barbecued, seared, or steamed and served either sweet or flavorful. Dark beans, called caviar criollo, are a Venezuelan top pick. They are presented with arepas and are additionally part of the national dish, pabellon caraqueno. A generous dish, it is said to look like the national banner, pabellon, on account of the shades of the meat, beans, rice, and plantains in it. Arequipe, milk pudding is milk cooked with sugar until extremely thick, is a most loved pastry in Venezuela, for what it's worth all through South America. It has various names in better places, however is maybe most popular in the United States as dulce de leche. The customary drinks of Venezuela are chicha, made of worked up maize, and masato. The second biggest country in South America, Argentina stretches out from the subtropics to Tierra del Fuego. Albeit now a different nation, Argentina was once part of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata, the River Plate with Uruguay. The pampas are essentially steers nation and well known for farming and cultivating, however this prolific land additionally creates great harvests and fine wine. Here are some nearby dishes from Argentina. Finger nourishments are exceptionally famous and are served in bistros, called whiskerias, that developed from cafés. Empanadas, stuffed pies, are well known all through South America, and in Argentina they come in different sizes and are eaten as hors doeuvres, for light snacks, or with mixed drinks. One mainstream filling consolidates meat and natural product. I trust you took in a ton about South America. Here are some heavenly plans from South America. Couve a Mineira Shredded Kale AMOUNT INGREDENT 2lbs new kale 1/4cup olive oil or bacon fat 1/2cuponions 1/4inch bones 1garlic clove, minced to tastesalt and pepper PROCEDURE 1. Trim flaws and extreme stems from kale leaves. wash completely under running water. 2. layer leaves on one another and cut transversely into slim strips. 3. heat oil over medium high warmth, include onions and garlic and cook 3 to 5 minutes until relaxed 4. include kale and cook around 5 to 7minutes mixing frequently until kale is relaxed however not stained or sautéed Season to taste. Aji Criollo Creole hot pepper salsa AMOUNT INGREDENT 4RED OR GREEN SERRANOS OR JALAPENO PEPPERS SEEDED AND MINCED 6TWATER 1/2t SALT 1/4CUPGREEN ONION WHIT PART ONLY MINCED 2TCILANTRO OR PARSLEY LEAVES MINCED PROCEDURE 1. Consolidate PEPPERS, 2 TABLESPOONS WATER AND SALT PIRE IN BLENDER 2. Join PURE WITH GREEN ONION CILANTRO AND REMAINING WATER AND MIX WELL THIS IS BEST SERVED THE SAME DAY MADE.

Boost Team Productivity with MeisterTask Zapier for Teams

Boost Team Productivity Zapier for Teams Your team can say goodbye to manual updates and hello to supercharged team productivity, and new Zapier for Teams. Following the latest release from app automation platform Zapier, it’s now easier than ever to set up powerful workflow automations and share these workflows with your teammates. Companies all over the world are already using MeisterTask to manage their team’s tasks, projects, chats and deadlines, all in one place. And, with the help of Zapier, these teams can now connect MeisterTask with 750+ apps via workflow automations, or in their lingo ‘Zaps’. Need to create a follow-up task, every time a sales query enters your inbox? No problem. Want to post an automated congrats GIF in Slack, when your marketing team completes a campaign? Zapier have you covered. What’s New About Zapier for Teams With Zapier for Teams, you can now manage your organization’s workflows from a single centralized account. There’s no need to maintain individual accounts or recreate Zaps for separate team members.  Via shared folders, Zaps can be managed on behalf of the whole team, allowing businesses to: share Zaps with teammates, to edit or copy  for their own use View the Task History  of any shared Zaps, allowing users to track team productivity Share data from connected apps, enabling team members to access tools via their Zaps, without needing individual login credentials. Whats more, a Zapier for Teams account unlocks a number of premium services offered by Zapier, including access to enterprise favorites such as Salesforce, Stripe, PayPal, Facebook Lead Ads and Microsoft products. 5 Ways Businesses Can Boost Team Productivity Zapier Whether it’s your company’s sales software, bug-tracking tool, or your favorite CRM, you can now set up team Zaps to automate workflows between MeisterTask and hundreds of possible tools. Here are five automations to get you started: 1. Create a new task in your MeisterTask sales project every time a lead is identified First, create a simple project board in MeisterTask for qualified sales leads, with a section for each key stage of your sales funnel:     Then, set up the following Zap on behalf of your sales team between MeisterTask and  Salesforce   a Premium app available to Zapier Team members: Via the Zap, every time a sales lead is added in Salesforce, a task will be automatically created in your MeisterTask Lead Funnel project board, ready for you to take them through your sales funnel: You can then manage all leads and sales in one place with no need to manually copy contacts across. 2. Send your team an automatic update as your project progresses Communicating internally via chat channels instead of via email can save your team a lot of time. Plus, when you connect MeisterTask to chat channels via Zapier, you can save even more. Via the Slack and HipChat Zaps, you can keep your whole team in the loop by posting  MeisterTask project progression to your chosen chat channels. With Slack, share all the newest info in one fell swoop by posting a digest of your MeisterTask updates on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis: Or, if you use HipChat and would like to update your team more frequently, set up an update for every time a MeisterTask task is completed: With either approach, you can update your team on a periodic basis, without lifting a finger. 3. Manage and track marketing campaigns automatically Begin by using MeisterTask to set up a Marketing Campaign project board: Then, using a similar process to our first example, create a Zap from Facebook Lead Ads to collate subsequent leads from your Ad campaigns in your Marketing Campaign project board: Via Zapier, you can then use the MeisterTask to Google Sheets Zap, to collect all campaign data in one place. Other performance metrics, such as those taken from Google Analytics and Amplitude, can then be added alongside these figures, to assess the campaign’s success. 4. Ensure you never miss another important email To help stay on top of emails, teams can set up Zaps that automatically turn labeled Gmail messages into tasks in the designated MeisterTask project and section. For example, you can set up a Zap whereby if you label an email with a ‘sales’ tag, a task will automatically be created in the ‘Request from client’ section of your CRM MeisterTask project. The task will be named after the email subject line and the task notes will feature the body of the email, alongside the client email address to get back to. You can set yourself a deadline for the task too, to ensure you get back to them in good time. 5. Follow Team Success with Zapier’s Task History and MeisterTask’s Statistics Reports Within the Statistics Reports area of MeisterTask, teams can gain insight into team productivity, including where things have been going well and where tasks are being held up. Based on all project data, team members can view which tasks are taking the longest, and which tasks are overdue, coming up, or have been completed. Team members can also track the time spent on each task to generate even more insight. This insight can be added to further using the Task History feature within Zapier for Teams, which allows you to track the history of all tasks completed through your shared team account. How to Set Up Zapier for Teams To access Zapier for Teams, you’ll first need to create a Zapier account,  if you don’t have one already. To do this, you can either sign up for a free account and then upgrade, or visit zapier.com/teams/ to create your team. If choosing the latter, Zapier will create the account for you, setting you as the owner of your team, before requesting your billing information, name, and team logo. It’s then down to you to invite your teammates and transfer any existing Zaps to your shared Zap folder. Everyone on your team will then have access to view, edit, or copy your newly shared workflow. Sign up to Zapier for Teams Once signed up to Zapier, you can view our list of Zap templates via our website or just dive in and build your own from scratch. You can also find the Zapier button within the Features tab of the MeisterTask project dialog: P.S. Theres a Reason Why We’re So Excited About Zapier for Teams We’re particularly excited by this Zapier for Teams update because we have a big announcement that ties in perfectly MeisterTask Business: the new plan for enterprise teams. Business, teams will be able to save time, together, through the following features: Complete bulk actions for a whole team, for example by adding an entire team or group to a project via the invite dialog, instead of adding each member individually Roles Permissions for projects, providing team members with more or less control over Project edits, as administrators can define team members as Admins, Members, Commenters or Read Only, with varying permissions for each role Personalized onboarding assistance for large teams looking to train up all team members to using MeisterTask for maximum output, fast 24/7 priority support from our customer team, meaning your teamwork won’t be held up if an issue arises. Discover MeisterTask Business Discover efficient task management Sign Up for MeisterTask Sign Up for MeisterTask

Health Science Unit 1 Lab Questions Essay - 764 Words

1.What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the current health care system in the United States? Some disadvantages of the current health care system in the United States is tons of people have no healthcare insurance at all and many of the insurance coverages have such high premium and deductibles people cant afford it. For you to be eligible for Medicaid you have to have a very low income. To get Medicare you have to be a certain age and Medicare doesnt cover all health care costs. For Private health care insurance you have to have a clean bill of health and if you have health conditions they will deny you coverage. But if private insurance companies are willing to give you insurance the premiums are so high and the†¦show more content†¦Why or why not? I think in the United States the health insurance system affects the work of health scientists in both ways. For the people who can afford insurance scientists can help and know their cases and get better equipment but when people have no health insurance then the health scientists dont get to help as many people and they really cant practice what they know to make people better. 5. What is recission? A recession is a conciliation of health insurance policies based on a misstatement of fact on the insures application for coverage. 6. What are some of the reasons why individuals may not want to buy health insurance ? Some of the reasons some of the individuals may not want to buy health insurance the deductibles and premiums are very high and you pay way to much money for it. You also have to qualify for private health insurance. 7. How does the health care system in the US differ from the system in other developed countries? The health care system differs from the system in the U.S. is that they make everyone all citizens buy insurance and the poor are subsidzed. 8. What are some of the challenges in reforming the health insurance system? Some of the challenges in reforming the health insurance system is asking yourself will this work or will it cost more in the long run? Also everyone from the Congress, Doctors, and Insurance people have toShow MoreRelatedThe Body Of A Diabetic1474 Words   |  6 Pageswestern part of central Africa. Life in Cameroon was simple and fun. I spent the first nineteen years of my life there during which I completed high school. After developing and immense love for the sciences in middle school. I came to me at no surprise to study biochemistry in college. I often question why things happened the way they did. I particularly remember the day we were studying the endocrine system in high school and how insulin regulate the blood sugar level. I find this quite interestingRead MoreThe Role Of The Circulatory Systems And Defense Systems1712 Words   |  7 Pages1. Relation to the Alberta Program of Studies. 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How Did Porfirio Diaz Stay in Power for 35 Years

Dictator Porfirio Dà ­az stayed in power in Mexico from 1876 to 1911, a total of 35 years. During that time, Mexico modernized, adding plantations, industry, mines, and transportation infrastructure. Poor Mexicans suffered greatly, however, and conditions for the most destitute were terribly cruel. The gap between rich and poor widened greatly under Dà ­az, and this disparity was one of the causes of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Dà ­az remains one of Mexicos longest-lasting leaders, which raises the question: how did he hang onto power for so long? He Was a Skillful Political Manipulator Dà ­az was able to deftly manipulate other politicians. He employed a sort of carrot-or-stick strategy when dealing with state governors and local mayors, most of whom he had appointed himself. The carrot worked for most: Dà ­az saw to it that regional leaders became personally wealthy when Mexicos economy boomed. He had several capable assistants, including Josà © Yves Limantour, who many saw as the architect of Dà ­az economic transformation of Mexico. He played his underlings off against one another, favoring them in turn, to keep them in line. He Kept the Church Under Control Mexico was divided during Dà ­azs time between those who felt that the Catholic Church was holy and sacrosanct and those who felt it was corrupt and had been living off of the people of Mexico for far too long. Reformers such as Benito Juà ¡rez had severely curtailed Church privileges and nationalized Church holdings. Dà ­az passed laws reforming church privileges, but only enforced them sporadically. This allowed him to walk a fine line between conservatives and reformers and also kept the church in line out of fear. He Encouraged Foreign Investment Foreign investment was a huge pillar of Dà ­azs economic successes. Dà ­az, himself part Mexican Indian, ironically believed that Mexicos Indians, backward and uneducated, could never bring the nation into the modern era, and he brought in foreigners to help. Foreign capital financed the mines, industries, and eventually the many miles of railroad track that linked the nation together. Dà ­az was very generous with contracts and tax breaks for international investors and firms. The vast majority of foreign investment came from the United States and Great Britain, although investors from France, Germany, and Spain were also important. He Cracked Down on the Opposition Dà ­az did not allow any viable political opposition to ever take root. He regularly jailed editors of publications that criticized him or his policies, to the point where no newspaper publishers were brave enough to try. Most publishers simply produced newspapers which praised Dà ­az: these were allowed to prosper. Opposition political parties were allowed to participate in elections, but only token candidates were allowed and the elections were all a sham. Occasionally, harsher tactics were necessary: some opposition leaders mysteriously â€Å"disappeared,† never to be seen again. He Controlled the Army Dà ­az, himself a general and a hero of the Battle of Puebla, always spent a great deal of money in the army and his officials looked the other way when officers skimmed. The end result was a motley rabble of conscripted soldiers in rag-tag uniforms and sharp-looking officers, with handsome steeds and shining brass on their uniforms. The happy officers knew that they owed it all to Don Porfirio. The privates were miserable, but their opinion did not count. Dà ­az also regularly rotated generals around the different postings, ensuring that no one charismatic officer would build up a force loyal to him personally. He Protected the Rich Reformers such as Juà ¡rez had historically managed to do little against the entrenched wealthy class, which consisted of descendants of conquistadors or colonial officials who had built up enormous tracts of land which they ruled like medieval barons. These families controlled huge ranches called haciendas, some of which consisted of thousands of acres including entire Indian villages. The laborers on these estates were essentially slaves. Dà ­az did not try to break up the haciendas, but rather allied himself with them, allowing them to steal even more land and providing them with rural police forces for protection. So, What Happened? Dà ­az was a masterful politician who deftly spread Mexicos wealth around where it would keep these key groups happy. This worked well when the economy was humming, but when Mexico suffered a recession in the early years of the 20th Century, certain sectors began turning against the aging dictator. Because he kept ambitious politicians tightly controlled, he had no clear successor, which made many of his supporters nervous. In 1910, Dà ­az erred in declaring that the upcoming election would be fair and honest. Francisco I. Madero, son of a wealthy family, took him at his word and began a campaign. When it became clear that Madero would win, Dà ­az panicked and began clamping down. Madero was jailed for a time and eventually fled to exile in the United States. Even though Dà ­az won the â€Å"election,† Madero had shown the world that the power of the dictator was waning. Madero declared himself the true President of Mexico, and the Mexican Revolution was born. Before the end of 1910, regional leaders such as Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Pascual Orozco had united behind Madero, and by May of 1911 Dà ­az was forced to flee Mexico. He died in Paris in 1915, aged 85. Sources Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

Five Forces Model Free Essays

Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib , Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Forces Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company was incorporated in Pakistan as a public limited company in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. The majority shareholder is the House of Habib. IMC’s production facilities are located at Port Bin Qasim Industrial Zone near Karachi in an area measuring over 105 acres. Indus Motor Company’s plant is the only manufacturing site in the world where both Toyota and Daihatsu brands are being manufactured. Heavy investment was made to build its production facilities based on state of art technologies. To ensure highest level of productivity world-renowned Toyota Production Systems are implemented. IMC’s Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 4Ãâ€"2 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore. We also have a wide range of imported vehicles. VISION AND MISSION: â€Å"IMC’s Vision is to be the most respected and successful enterprise, delighting customers with a wide range of products and solutions in the automobile industry with the best people and the best technology†. †¢ * The most respected. * The most successful. * * Delighting customers. * * Wide range of products. * * The best people. * * The best technology. Mission of Toyota is to provide safe amp; sound journey. Toyota is developing various new technologies from the perspective of energy saving and diversifying energy sources. Environment has been first and most important issue in priorities of Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. MANAGEMENT TEAM: Ali S. Habib (Chairman) K Hyodo (Vice Chairman) Parvez Ghias (Chief Executive Officer) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Mr. Adnan Qazi (Chief Information Officer) FINANCE: Muhammad Faisal (Chief Financial Officer) Mustafa Hasan Lakhani (Company Secretary) HUMAN RESOURCE: Mr. Salim Azhar(Director) LOGISTICS, ADMINISTRATION amp; COMMERCIAL: Mr. Salim Azhar (Director) MANUFACTURING: Mr. Y. Tsubaki (Director) SALES amp; MARKETING: Mr. Raza Ansari (Director) INTERNAL AUDIT: Mr. Ahson Tariq (Chief of Internal Audit) Collaboration Equity : | | | Toyota Motor Corporation| | Toyota Tsusho Corporation| | House of Habib| | | Business 😠 | | | TOYOTA GROUP|   | Technology amp; KD Parts|   | | Materials, Parts amp; Logistics Support| | | Technology KD Parts| | | Hilux Frame amp; Deck| | | VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF TOYOTA Indus Motors Co. The value chain is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. It was created by M. E. Porter in his book, Competitive Advantage (1980). The chain consists of a series of activities that create and build value. They conclude in the total value delivered by an organization. The ‘margin’ depicted in the diagram is the same as added alue. The organization is split into ‘primary activities’ and ‘support activities. ‘ Primary Activities: Inbound Logistics: Here goods are received from a company’s suppliers. They are stored until they are needed on the production/assembly line. Goods are moved around the organization. Toyota motors purchase their raw material from all around the world. In order to maximize their availability of raw material Toyota motors maintain good relationship with their suppliers. Toyota use JIT (Just In Time) approach for handling of raw material. Toyota Genuine oil is classified by quality using the Amarican Petroleum institute classification, ILSAC standerd and ASEA standerds, and by viscosity using the SAE classification Operations: This is where goods are manufactured or assembled. Individual operations could include organizing the parts to make new cars ;amp; the final tune for a new car’s engine. Toyota motors are known for their reliability which comes from efficient operations. Outbound Logistics: The goods are now finished, and they need to be sent along the supply chain to wholesalers, retailers or the final consumer. Toyota motors manage their own Show rooms in different countries. Toyota motors make their product easily assessable. Area number of dealers Sindh 8 Punjab 12 Baluchistan 1 Islamabad (capital) 2 Azad Kashmir 1 Marketing and Sales: In true customer orientated fashion, at this stage the Toyota motors prepares the offering to meet the needs of targeted customers. This area focuses strongly upon marketing communications and the promotions mix. and 40% market share of this company and advertising budget 30%. and no sales promotion. and this company maintain market leadership. Service: This includes all areas of service such as final checking, after-sales service, complaints handling, training and so on. Toyota value their customers. And warranty-1 year/2000 miles. Support Activities Procurement: This function is responsible for all purchasing of goods, services and materials. The aim is to secure the lowest possible price for purchases of the highest possible quality. Toyota motors will be responsible for outsourcing (components or operations that would normally be done in-house are done by other organizations), and e-Purchasing (using IT and web-based technologies to achieve procurement aims). Technology Development: Technology is an important source of competitive advantage. Companies need to innovate to reduce costs and to protect and sustain competitive advantage. Toyota motors implemented production technology, Internet marketing activities, bend manufacturing, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and many other technological developments Human Resource Management (HRM): Employees are an expensive and vital resource. Toyota motors manage recruitment and selection, training and development, and rewards and salary. Toyota motors consider their employees as HUMAN CAPITAL. The mission and objectives of the Toyota motor is the driving force behind the HRM strategy. Toyota motors uses following techniques to retain their employees: * Employment * Selection * Training and development * Compensation * Maintenance Firm Infrastructure: This activity includes and is driven by corporate or strategic planning. Toyota motors implemented Management Information System (MIS), and other mechanisms for planning and control in different departments. SUGESSIONS amp; RECMENDATIONS * Toyota motors should use Value Coalitions for better use of their under utilized recourses. Toyota develops synergies among their recourses. * Toyota should use design to maximize the performance of their operations. Using the value chain approach, processes that provide direct value to the customer are modeled first. Imitative processes that support the value chain processes are modeled. * Reduction in advance amount * Delivery time to minimize * Less costly vehicle with name of Toyota * No delivery charge viewer * No price change for undelivered vehicle * Promotion should be started * Test drive facilities at all deale How to cite Five Forces Model, Papers

Five Forces Model Free Essays

Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib , Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Forces Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company was incorporated in Pakistan as a public limited company in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. The majority shareholder is the House of Habib. IMC’s production facilities are located at Port Bin Qasim Industrial Zone near Karachi in an area measuring over 105 acres. Indus Motor Company’s plant is the only manufacturing site in the world where both Toyota and Daihatsu brands are being manufactured. Heavy investment was made to build its production facilities based on state of art technologies. To ensure highest level of productivity world-renowned Toyota Production Systems are implemented. IMC’s Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 4Ãâ€"2 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore. We also have a wide range of imported vehicles. VISION AND MISSION: â€Å"IMC’s Vision is to be the most respected and successful enterprise, delighting customers with a wide range of products and solutions in the automobile industry with the best people and the best technology†. †¢ * The most respected. * The most successful. * * Delighting customers. * * Wide range of products. * * The best people. * * The best technology. Mission of Toyota is to provide safe amp; sound journey. Toyota is developing various new technologies from the perspective of energy saving and diversifying energy sources. Environment has been first and most important issue in priorities of Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. MANAGEMENT TEAM: Ali S. Habib (Chairman) K Hyodo (Vice Chairman) Parvez Ghias (Chief Executive Officer) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Mr. Adnan Qazi (Chief Information Officer) FINANCE: Muhammad Faisal (Chief Financial Officer) Mustafa Hasan Lakhani (Company Secretary) HUMAN RESOURCE: Mr. Salim Azhar(Director) LOGISTICS, ADMINISTRATION amp; COMMERCIAL: Mr. Salim Azhar (Director) MANUFACTURING: Mr. Y. Tsubaki (Director) SALES amp; MARKETING: Mr. Raza Ansari (Director) INTERNAL AUDIT: Mr. Ahson Tariq (Chief of Internal Audit) Collaboration Equity : | | | Toyota Motor Corporation| | Toyota Tsusho Corporation| | House of Habib| | | Business 😠 | | | TOYOTA GROUP|   | Technology amp; KD Parts|   | | Materials, Parts amp; Logistics Support| | | Technology KD Parts| | | Hilux Frame amp; Deck| | | VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF TOYOTA Indus Motors Co. The value chain is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. It was created by M. E. Porter in his book, Competitive Advantage (1980). The chain consists of a series of activities that create and build value. They conclude in the total value delivered by an organization. The ‘margin’ depicted in the diagram is the same as added alue. The organization is split into ‘primary activities’ and ‘support activities. ‘ Primary Activities: Inbound Logistics: Here goods are received from a company’s suppliers. They are stored until they are needed on the production/assembly line. Goods are moved around the organization. Toyota motors purchase their raw material from all around the world. In order to maximize their availability of raw material Toyota motors maintain good relationship with their suppliers. Toyota use JIT (Just In Time) approach for handling of raw material. Toyota Genuine oil is classified by quality using the Amarican Petroleum institute classification, ILSAC standerd and ASEA standerds, and by viscosity using the SAE classification Operations: This is where goods are manufactured or assembled. Individual operations could include organizing the parts to make new cars ;amp; the final tune for a new car’s engine. Toyota motors are known for their reliability which comes from efficient operations. Outbound Logistics: The goods are now finished, and they need to be sent along the supply chain to wholesalers, retailers or the final consumer. Toyota motors manage their own Show rooms in different countries. Toyota motors make their product easily assessable. Area number of dealers Sindh 8 Punjab 12 Baluchistan 1 Islamabad (capital) 2 Azad Kashmir 1 Marketing and Sales: In true customer orientated fashion, at this stage the Toyota motors prepares the offering to meet the needs of targeted customers. This area focuses strongly upon marketing communications and the promotions mix. and 40% market share of this company and advertising budget 30%. and no sales promotion. and this company maintain market leadership. Service: This includes all areas of service such as final checking, after-sales service, complaints handling, training and so on. Toyota value their customers. And warranty-1 year/2000 miles. Support Activities Procurement: This function is responsible for all purchasing of goods, services and materials. The aim is to secure the lowest possible price for purchases of the highest possible quality. Toyota motors will be responsible for outsourcing (components or operations that would normally be done in-house are done by other organizations), and e-Purchasing (using IT and web-based technologies to achieve procurement aims). Technology Development: Technology is an important source of competitive advantage. Companies need to innovate to reduce costs and to protect and sustain competitive advantage. Toyota motors implemented production technology, Internet marketing activities, bend manufacturing, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and many other technological developments Human Resource Management (HRM): Employees are an expensive and vital resource. Toyota motors manage recruitment and selection, training and development, and rewards and salary. Toyota motors consider their employees as HUMAN CAPITAL. The mission and objectives of the Toyota motor is the driving force behind the HRM strategy. Toyota motors uses following techniques to retain their employees: * Employment * Selection * Training and development * Compensation * Maintenance Firm Infrastructure: This activity includes and is driven by corporate or strategic planning. Toyota motors implemented Management Information System (MIS), and other mechanisms for planning and control in different departments. SUGESSIONS amp; RECMENDATIONS * Toyota motors should use Value Coalitions for better use of their under utilized recourses. Toyota develops synergies among their recourses. * Toyota should use design to maximize the performance of their operations. Using the value chain approach, processes that provide direct value to the customer are modeled first. Imitative processes that support the value chain processes are modeled. * Reduction in advance amount * Delivery time to minimize * Less costly vehicle with name of Toyota * No delivery charge viewer * No price change for undelivered vehicle * Promotion should be started * Test drive facilities at all deale How to cite Five Forces Model, Papers

Essay about Fracking Of Fracking And Fracking Essay Example For Students

Essay about Fracking Of Fracking And Fracking Essay Do you ever wonder how we have constant supplies of oil all around the world? Over the past couple of decades, oil companies have created an obscene amount of different methods for extracting oil, such as fracking. According to BBC News, fracking is defined as the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand, and chemicals are injected into the rock with high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well. The process is carried out by drilling vertically or, more commonly, by drilling horizontally into the rock layer. The process can create new pathways to release gas or can be used to extend existing channels (UK 1). Furthermore, there are many benefits to our economy from fracking such as that it is inexpensive, provides employment opportunities, and it provides us with a source of energy. Fracking industries have created over a hundred new job opportunities for people. Since we are creating our own source of energy, we become less dependent of other countries for natural gas. We are also using this gas to fuel our homes and cars which causes less release of carbon emissions than coal which promotes a better living condition. Nonetheless, in the future, we can also use this method as a way to become better exporters and decrease the debt we owe to other countries. Although, fracking has become a worldwide issue due to an increase in unethical ways of drilling that companies are practicing and the harmful effects it has on the environment, it is helping our overall economy in the long run. Which supports my statement that we should continue to use fracking as a method to drill oil in order to obtain this natural res. .of contamination or poisoning is low, it can still happen. Oil industries no longer need to support the idea of fracking and look for different way of extracting oil gas. Ways that should not harm humans, the environment, and most of all be ethical, but also drawing attention to how fracking is affecting areas where the fracking industries are built, both positively and negatively. Fracking has prompted plenty of jobs in America but it is also contaminating the water supply, poisoning the people nearby. In order to reduce as much danger as possible, I believe that there should be a time limit on how long the industry runs each day and they should check the water supply every so often. With all the underlying issues such as our environment and unethical practices being done, the hope is to make fracking less of a danger and more of a positive effect around the world.

A History of World in Six Glasses free essay sample

How might beer have influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. Beer might have/had influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. One way beer could have done this was that after the discovery of beer, the demand for beer began to increase. With increase demand for beer, farming would increase taking away time to hunt and gather for food. With less hunting and gathering, farmers eventually settled down in small areas around the Fertile Crescent to create beer. What does the story of beer tell you about social and gender roles in ancient SW Asia and Egypt? Beer can tell us a story about the social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt. During these times, beer was used as a way of payment. Those who were given more, worked more, or had higher positions. Sumerian temple workforces were given sila of beer a day; or two American pints. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of World in Six Glasses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Junior officials were given two sila, higher officials and ladies of the court were given three sila, and the highest officials were given five. Woman who worked a few days at a temple were given two silas. This system meant that women were given a change for jobs, and even were sometimes given more silas than men. The social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt are therefore seem as fair, since women were given just as much or more sila than men. How important do you think beer was in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations? Would the earliest civilizations of SW Asia and Egypt have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer? I think beer was an important factor in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations. This is because beer led to the development of an agricultural-based society. Without the discovery of beer, who knows how long it would have taken early civilizations in the Paleolithic era realized that farming would be better and faster than hunting and gathering. With increase farming for grains, leftovers grains were made into bread, or cereals, or beer. Leftovers soon became surpluses and surpluses of food led to population increase. With larger populations, villages became communities and societies were created. Earliest civilizations of South West Asia and Egypt would have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer, only their prosperity would take longer than usual. This is because, civilizations would have to wait for their main food supplies to decrease to finally figure out other ways of gaining food. But earliest civilizations would still be prosperous. Wine in Greece an d Rome (Chapters 3 and 4) What does the story of wine tell you about wine tell you about social and gender roles in the Mediterranean world? The story of wine can tell us about the social and gender roles in Mediterranean worlds. Private drinking parties known as symposiums was an all male aristocratic ritual that took place in a special mens room (man cave). Women were not allowed to sit with men in these men rooms, giving us the reader the impression that women could either not drink wine like Greek men or that gender discrimination was intact during these times. But female servers, dancers, and musicians were allowed, but why? Perhaps because men did not see female servers, dancers, and musicians as nothing but merely entertainment and slaves. Explain how the symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece (as compared to the other parts of the world). Symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece. One way was that symposia was a good way for men to come together and plot, drink, boast, and debate. Symposia was a way for men to get together and discuss many issues; where each and every men were equal in voice. Symposium was in theory, a forum in which the participants drank as equals from a shared crater. Wine-drinking on the other hand created the caste system for ancient Greece. Those who could afford top notch wine such as Falernian. The better wine you drank, meant the more money you made to purchase the wine, thus creating your caste in society. What effects does wine have on the development of Christianity and Islam? The banning of wine in Islamic culture would be the basic start for the banning of many other foods. The prophet Muhammads ban on alcohol is said to have started from a fight between two men who were under the influence. When Muhammad sought divine help from the one and only Allah, Allahs reply was to ban alcohol so that such a thing could not happen again. As for wine, it had a different story for the development of Christianity. Wine drinking was a tradition of Greeks and Romans. When barbarians took over Rome and Greece, wine drinking seemed to have halted. But as time went on, barbarians began to take up wine drinking again, sort of assimilating themselves into Greek culture. Barbarians soon became civilized, all thanks to the tradition of wine drinking. Spirits in the Colonial Period (Chapters 5 and 6) How did spirits advance/accelerated colonialism? When the Americas were just beginning to form, spirits accelerated their colonialism. At first, sugarcane production was introduced to the Western Indies or Caribbean Islands by Christopher Columbus. The West Indies land was not suitable to grow wine vines or grains for beer, instead Columbus introduced sugar canes to the Indies, creating a major sugar plantation in the West Indies. With the plantation growing, slaves were being imported from West Africa to help with the production of sugar. With more sugar being produced, more products could be made and thus more exports to England, Spain, France, and Germany. Having a staple crop, successful exports, sprits helped colonized anywhere it touched. In the 18th century, how did spirits change the balance of power amongst the western European nations? When rum was first discovered, Americas learned that to produce rum was cheaper than relying on European exports for Brady. Rum was discovered by using left over sugar production. Everyone could afford rum, from the slaves to the rich. With rum now being established as Americans favorite drink, European exports for Brandy began to decline. New England merchants began to import raw molasses rather than rum and do the distilling themselves. In 1733, a new law known as the Molasses Act was passed in London, prohibiting the amount of imported molasses into North America to sixpence a gallon. But Americans did not obey the law and smuggled molasses instead of buying them from Britain. England began to create more laws to limit the amount of molasses brought, but Americans would not listen and thus finally giving Americas the idea of their freedom. How did spirits help in the building and shaping of early America? During their fight for freedom, Americans began to turn their backs on rum and began to drink whiskey, since it was cheaper to make and easy to produce. Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy. Whiskey though on the other hand helped shaped America through disagreements and fights. Whiskey was an unpretentious drink associated with independence and self-sufficiency. Coffee in the Age of Reason (Chapters 7 and 8) Why did coffee become known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol? And how will this change the intellectual development of Europe? Coffee was known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol because instead of getting drunk and losing self control, coffee was known to keep on minds open and create new rationalism. This changed the intellectual developement of Europe because scholars, doctors, lawyers, and teachers drank coffee instead of wine. Instead of getting drunk in the daytime or nighttime, people would be up drinking coffee and beginning their day with an open mind instead of a closed mind. Was coffee the first true global beverage? Why or why not? Coffee was truly the first global beverage. Beginning in the Arab world, coffee was originated in the Arabia. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. How (and why) did coffee play a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution? During the period in which coffee became popular, coffee played a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution. Coffee was a popular drink which forced coffee houses to spring out of the ground. Coffee houses were like taverns back them. Anyone was allowed inside a coffeehouse, as long as they could afford a cup. Inside coffee houses, meetings would take place for practically anything. Government officials had no say nor clue in what was said inside coffee houses, plans would be plotted, schemes would be set, and eventually wars would break out. Along those meetings inside coffee houses, coffee was the drink of scholars, doctors, lawyers, and solicitations. Enlightenment ideas sprang out because of these people. People would talk about a change in the system while sipping on a cup of coffee. Or talk about their recent discoveries. Coffee was the drink of the wise. Tea and the British Empire (Chapters 9 and 10) Why was tea important to Chinas economy, and how did it affect Chinas relationships with other countries? Tea would not become a domestic drink in society until the 1st century BC and cultivation for mass quantities didn’t occur until the 4th century. During this period, known as the Tang Dynasty, China found itself the wealthiest and most populated nation in the world, in part due to their openness to outside influence. It was also during this time that tea found itself as the drink of choice by the nation. Explain the relationship between tea and the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire. The industrial revolution used raw materials and manufactured them into a final product. The manufactured product secured more money in the world market than the raw materials, and thus led to more money for the British Empire. The ability to manufacture these goods gave the empire the control to manage the supply and demand of the good and set the price in the world market far above the cost of the raw materials and labor included in its making. Compare and contrast how the British trade in tea affect America and India. In the United States, the British trade helped create the Industrial Revolution. Textile manufacturing soon came into place. Workers were replaced with machinery that could do a job of ten men in less time. Having workers and machines together under one roof meant that the whole process could be closely supervised. But the tea trade soon took its toll, with new laws coming into place in the United States, many citizens were unhappy. The Boston Tea Party of 1773, serves as a protest to the overpriced tea. Soon enough, the British tea trade would led to the United States breaking away from their motherland. The East India Companys fortunes revived in 1784, when the duty on tea imports to Britain were slashed, which lowered the price of legal tea. In India, the search for the most suitable part of India to grow tea began. Since the new India tea industry would require a lot of manpower, this provided plenty of jobs for Indian workers. Tea cultivation also promised to be hugely profitable. In comparison, both America and India profited from the British tea trade. But unlike India, America was taxed and thus leading to riots and outbreaks over tea. In the end, America was able to break away from their motherland and buy their tea for a reasonable price. As for India, profits were made that benefited the country. Coco-Cola and the Rise of America (Chapters 11 and 12) How does the story of Coca-Cola relate to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship in the 19th and early 20th century? How does the story show a larger global economic shift? The story of Coca-Cola relates to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship. Capitalism is when an economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Entrepreneurship or an entrepreneur is someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it. In 1886 pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold about nine Coca-Colas a day. During the 1870s, Pemberton was declared bankrupt and was fired twice which destroyed his stocks. Finally, in 1884, Pemberton started using a new ingredient: coca. After Pembertons death, Asa Candler took over the company. Candler was opposed to the idea of selling coca-cola in a bottle, but in July 1899 granted two businessmen, Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead the right to bottle and sell coca-cola, resulting to the famous drink that we all love/or hate today. During the Great Depression, the Cold War, and WWI and WWII, rather than shrink at the challenge, Coca-Cola took full advantage of the challenging times it found itself in, gaining a global phenomenon. Soon enough, the United States was producing and shipping coca-cola all over the world to soldiers, to different countries. How did Coca-Cola become the worlds most recognized product? The first marketing efforts in Coca-Cola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the Coca-Cola script to participating pharmacies. As the country mobilized into World War Two, Robert Woodruff, president of the Coca-cola company, issued an order that every man in uniform gers a bottle of Coca-Cola for five cents, whereever he ism and whatever it costs the company. (Page251) But shipping bottles of Coca-cola halfway around the world to every whereever troops were stationwas was very inefficient, thus special fountains and bottling plants were placed whereever possible. Soon enough, where ever the troops went, a Coca-Cola bottling plant was created. How does Coca-Cola affect peoples views of the United States? Is the spread of Coca-Cola an example of Americanization around the world? In some parts of the world, Coca-Cola was welcomed, but in other parts of the world drinking Coca-Cola was considered a sin. In Germany and Japan, people stated that Coca-Cola was an example of everything that was wrong with the United States. But even enemies of the United States, such as the Sovient Union, still wanted Coca-Colas to drink. Coca-Cola affect the views of people in good and bad ways. The Tibet Muslims, in protest against Coca-Cola, poured gallons of Coca-Cola on the streets. I believe that the spread of Coca-Cola is an example of Americanization around the world. Coca-Cola bottling plants brought in new machinery into differnt countries, showing these countries new technology. All around the world, Coca-Cola is served with any side dish. Wherever you go, whatever lanuage you speak, if you ask for a Coca-Cola anyone will know what you are talking about. EpilogueBack to the Source Do you agree of disagree with Standages argument in the epilogue? Will water be the most influential beverage in shaping the global situation of the next 100+ years? Why or why not? I agree with Standages arugument that water will be the most influential beverage in shaping the world. This is because, back then water was contaminated and no one knew how to fix that problem. Now though, water is a basic nessesity in everyones diet. Without water, many people are becoming dehydrated and dying of thrist. Water wont make you fat, has no calories, and is safe to drink. Without water, no livestock can be grown and land cannot be cultivated. Theres no food without water. With no livestock, we have no food, and with no food, we cant eat and will eventually die. Water will continue to influence and shape the world within the next 100 or so years.

Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes Essays

Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes Essays Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes Essay Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes Essay Novel: Something Wicked This Way Comes Setting Question In Something Wicked This Way Comes, Bradbury sets the story in Green Town, Illinois around the time of Halloween. At the beginning of the novel, a lightning rod salesman comes to town trying to sell the boys a lightning rod for a storm that is approaching. However, the weather that evening was calm. Compare/Contrast the mood before the carnival came and after the carnival and describe the setting for each. Answer * Both the mood before and after the carnival wasnt bad. In the beginning, Green Town is calm and had a slight breeze that blew warm, then cool (p. 13). At the end, Will, Jim, and Mr. Halloway are celebrating that the whole carnival situation is over. ?The setting in the beginning of the novel is calm as described on p. 13: So it was on that night that blew warm, then cool, as they let the wind take them downtown at eight oclock. They felt the wings of their fingers and elbows flying, then, suddenly plunged in new sweeps of air, the clear autumn river flung them headlong where they must go. The setting at the end of the novel is happy as stated on p. 290: Today was just another day in October in a year suddenly better than anyone supposed is could ever be just a short hour ago, with the moon and the stars moving in a grand rotation toward inevitable damn, and then loping, and the last of this nights weeping done, and Will laughing and singing and Jim giving answer line by line, as they breasted the waves of dry stubble toward a town where they might live another few years across from each other. * The mood in the beginning was full of suspense and the mood after the carnival was uplifting. The mood in the beginning is full of suspense as Will is going home at night: It seemed when the first stroke if nine banged from the big courthouse clock all the lights were on and business humming in the shops. But by the time the last stroke on nine shook everyones fillings in his teeth, the barbers had yanked off the sheets, powdered the customers, trotter them forth; the druggists fount had stopped fizzing like a nest of nakes, the insect neons everywhere had ceased buzzing, and the vast glittering acreage of the dime store with its ten billion metal, glass and paper oddments waiting to be fished over, suddenly blacked out. Shades slithered, doors boomed, keys rattled their bones in locks, people fled with hordes of torn newspaper mice nibbling their heels. (p. 20) The mood at the end is uplifting when it is all over: But, running even with the boys, the middle-aged man reached out. Will slapped, Jim slapped, Dad slapped the semaphore signal base at the same instant. Exultant, they banged a trio of shouts down the wind.

A good man is hard to find Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A good man is hard to find - Essay Example She says, â€Å"I wouldn’t take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it† (O’Connor). Interestingly, it is the same grandmother who convinces the family to branch there on their way to since she wants to revisit a house. They unfortunately meet their untimed deaths at the hands of this Misfit. There is also something attractive in the way O’Connor describes Grandmother’s dressing. Despite her dislike of the idea of going to Florida, she is the first to get into the car wearing â€Å"a navy blue dress with a small dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet† (O’Connor). I think this dress symbolizes how a body is prepared for burial; dressed in their best attire. It is the grandmother’s reason for her glamour that removes any doubt on the coming events, â€Å"in case of an accident any one who sees her body on the highway will know that she is a lady† (O’Connor). O’Connor makes the protagonist to ignorantly speak of her coming death. The death of the whole family is also foreshadowed in the â€Å"passed by a cotton plantation with five or six graves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O’Connor). The numbers of the graves coincide with that of the family members, with O’Connor doubting if the baby can have its own grave or share one with its mother. Later the grandmother remembers one of her visits to an old plantation in Tennessee, neighboring â€Å"Toomsboro.† The word toomsboro brings to mind a tomb, an image that symbolizes death. The family faces the tombs at the end. Ironically, the house grandmother yearns to visit is not in the area they get a car accident. And when Wesley asks to know the plantation whose owners were buried in the five or six graves, grandmother says â€Å"gone with the wind.† This only shows what awaits the family in the end. After death, their souls will be â€Å"gone with the

The Joe Salatino President of Great Northern American Case Study Research Paper

The Joe Salatino President of Great Northern American Case Study - Research Paper Example Perception and attribution are of greater significance in comprehending and administering of the organizational behavior, since all the decisions along with behavior in Great Northern American tend to be impacted by the way in which its members interpret and make meaning out of them. When an individual observes people, he/she tries to identify the reasons behind the persons behaving in certain manners. The basis of the attribution theory is that an individual wants to understand the reasons behind the actions that he/she is taking and others take. An individual further wants to attribute reasons to behaviors he/she observes instead of assuming that these behaviors are random. It is quite significant to mention the fact that attributions are crucial for Great Northern American since perceived reasons of behavior may impact managers’ and employees’ judgments and actions. Joe Salatino perceives the fact that in order to keep the sales force motivated and dedicated, it is q uite significant to spend money on commissions and bonuses. It is worthy of mentioning the fact that there are two forms of attributions. They are internal attribution and external attribution. The internal attribution is likely to take place when an individual believes that a particular behavior has been chosen freely, it was deliberate in nature and was quite low in terms of social desirability. When the salespersons at Great Northern American are not capable of handling the self-starting selling intensity, they may leave the company because of their dissatisfaction level. Such behavior is generally called internal attribution. On the other hand, an external attribution takes place when it is believed that the behavior was not freely selected and it was unintended. For instance, despite Joe Salatino offering his employees with bonus and commission for good job done, if the employees demonstrate the tendency to leave the organization, then it can be identified as external attributi on (Martinko, 2004). It is found that Joe Salatino felt that his employees were not much effective. Some employees were functioning very effectively and were earning more than the salary of the top producers because they were capable of generating huge sales for the company. On the other hand, most of the employees were leaving the company since they were not capable of handling the ‘self-starting selling intensity’ and disorder. In addition to these, Joe Salatino noted that it took for an employee a year to develop good account base. When Joe Salatino confronted with these issues he tried to realize what caused those events. When Joe Salatino experienced unpleasant outcomes, attributions could assist him in identifying and avoiding the behaviors as well as other factors that led them to happen. On the contrary, when Joe Salatino experienced pleasant outcomes, he would prefer understanding the behavior that led to such actions of the customers as well as employees. It c an be noted that such attribution and perception theory can assist Joe Salatino to identify what actions the company must take in order to bring significant improvements in the behaviors of the employees whose performances have been below satisfactory level in comparison to those employees whose performances are satisfactory. Therefore, it is the proper understanding of the behavior of

Compare And Contrast Two Policy Areas Economics Essay

Compare And Contrast Two Policy Areas Economics Essay There is a debate on what the most appropriate method for a policy formulation, weather the policy cycle model or the Kingdons garbage can model. Different policy areas may be a product of different policy processes. In reality, it can be seen that some policies may take long time to be ready to implement while other issues capture policy makers attention and put in place shortly (Tiernan and Burke 2002, 86). The argument of this paper is that in the implementation of policy-making, while the characteristics of the policy cycle model and the Kingdons garbage-can model may appear together, there may actually be only one model which would manifest itself or dominate to policy making process. The writer will use two different policy areas to demonstrate this argument. This paper will have structures as follows; firstly, it will compare the concepts of policy cycle model and garbage can approach which is preceded by the definition of public policy. Secondly, it will describe the implementation of the policy cycle model on the Indonesian government policy on the elimination of trade tariffs on imported goods from Japan. This regulation is an implementation of the Agreement on Economic Partnership between the Indonesian government and Japan. Thirdly, it will describe the implementation of the garbage can model on the Indonesian government action on emergency response on the Situ Gintung Dam disaster in 2009 in Indonesia. Lastly, it will summarise the main points of the paper and restate the main argument. Several scholars provide different definitions of public policy. However, this paper will use one of them as a starting point in comparing the policy making models in two different policy areas as mentioned above. Public policy is about what government concerns to address public issues and increase public welfare. Colebatch (1998, 2006 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 5) defines public policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to do. This definition deduces several possibilities of what government will do when there is problem in public. Government may solely address the problems; may let other actors to solve the problems with government regulations; may work with other actors to solve the problems; or may do nothing at all. For example, regarding the issue of decreasing on the education quality in secondary school, to address this problem, government may review policy on education system and increase public school quality. Other example to on what government n ot to do is in the case on the privatisation of transport service providers which is projected to increase efficiency and reduce government spending. In comparing two models of policy formulation, the writer identifies several different characteristics of the two models. The first characteristic of policy cycle is the use of rational measurement. Proponents of policy cycle argue that a series of rational stages allows policy cycle works based on embedded rationalism (Bridgman and Davis 2003, p. 98). However, the opponent criticises that a good policy needs more than an effective process good policy entails good content and good content does not necessarily result from an effective process (Everett 2003, p. 67). To respond this criticism, Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) use Driors point of view that alternative solutions are tested against the objectives to gain one rational decision while policy cycle presumes that there is no such outcome. It goes on that the stages in policy cycle are a logical process in terms that each step has a result for the next step, but it does not embody formal rationality (Bridgman and Davis 2003, p . 101). Moreover, Davis et al. (1993, p. 160-1 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, 59) underline rational comprehensive model which follows a logical, ordered sequence and comprehensive because it canvasses, assesses and compares all options. It seems that both sides, the proponents and the opponent, look weather policy cycle rational or not from different perspective which makes them come to different ends. However, in writer perspective they all are right. The stages of policy cycle model can assist policy makers to do their jobs because the stages can be broken down. However, Everett (2003, p. 67) claims that policy cycle cant resolve controversial or contentious issues or replace political contest. To address this doubt Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) argue that most of government activities are routine and only a few which is unusual. In writers concern, although government does routine activity but issues change along the time and the office work history sometimes is not sufficient to portray the issues. Therefore, this model does not much help decision makers. It is claimed that consultation stage in policy cycle model enhances policy formulation for a better implementation. The opponent of this idea, Everett (2003, p. 67) claims that community consultation fails to address issues related to political contest. It goes that community consultation only results little more than a wish list rather than solution. To address this doubt, Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) argue that political interest does not always burden the government routine, however, if so, typical follows the same process to make less contentious issues. In this point, the writer agrees that community consultation is a step forward to open democracy although it cant provide satisfying solution for all. This model will be more appropriate for a routine policy because it takes time following the stages. Turning to the garbage can model, it is believed that this model has different approach with the conventional model of policy making. Kingdons garbage-can model rejects the policy cycle approach by arguing that policy formulation happens within organisation which has characterised by uncertain or different policy interest, unclear internal rules and unstable participation patterns (Cohen et al. 1972, p.1; Howard 1998; Davis et al. 1993, p. 173 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p. 87). Furthermore, Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 87) explain that the Kingdons garbage-can theory are antithesis of rational decision making approach. This model is appropriate to address issues which need quick response because it does not follow many stages. For example, in combating terror actions, decision makers have to make quick decision and take actions. Sometimes trial and error strategy works in such a chaotic situation. According to Kingdon (cited in Zahariadis 1999, p. 76) decision making works through three streams, namely, problems, politics and policies. Problems may attract policy makers to find solutions or problem leads to solution. For example, the oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico on 20 April 2010. It may capture policy makers attention to formulate a regulation to give huge tax and royalty to oil industries in order to reduce the reliance on oil and shift to alternative fuel (British Petroleum 2010, online) . Political stream involves the contention of pressure group campaign, interest groups, administrative and legislative, judicial, executive. Policy stream revolves around wide range of ideas generated by policy communities, networks and researchers (Zahariadis 1999, pp. 76-77). Issues will capture policy makers attention when they are in the three streams at the same time. Kingdon (1995, p. 165 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p. 77) calls these conditions as policy window. Furthermore, he explains that when policy window opens, which is unpredictably, policy entrepreneurs have opportunity to orchestra to promote their position in the future. In order to compare the two models above, the writer breaks down the first case study into the stages according to the policy cycle model in the Australian government. To start with, Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, pp. 37-40) maintain that the Australian policy cycle comprises of the phases of identifying issues, policy analysis, policy instruments, consultation, coordination, decision, implementation and evaluation. The relationship among those stages will be described together with case study on the policy on elimination of trade tariffs on imported goods from Japan (the Ministry of Finance Regulation number 95/PMK.011/2008). The writer applies the policy cycle model with an assumption that this model is appropriate for developing policy in a normal condition in term of government routine activities. The implementation of policy cycle concepts for developing regulation on trade tariffs. The first stage of policy cycle normally begins with defining problems. This is mentioned by Parsons (1995, p. 81) who argues that stages of policy cycle starts from defining problem and agenda setting, implementation and up to evaluation. The same idea is disclosed by Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p 38) who contend that much policy begins with identifying issues. However, in writer perspective, it may start from other stage when there is no public issue, but government want to change its policy. Furthermore, it is believed that an effective policy requires overhaul because of more information occur during its formulation process (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p 38). These proponents agree that this model allows policy maker to review the previous steps when there is a new finding which may influence the success of policy implementation. Regarding the policy on eliminating trade tariffs barrier between the government of Indonesia and Japan, the idea was emerged by the Indonesian President and Japan Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi during the Asia Pacific Economic Countries (APEC) Summit Meeting in November 2004. The two leaders agreed to tighten the economic relationship between two countries. In writers concern, the meeting between two countries leaders refers to the Kingdons Garbage-can theory, as actors who enforce selected alternative solution (Kingdon 1995, p.116 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p.88). Follow up meeting was held on December 2004 between the Minister of economic, Trade and Industry from the two countries to discuss about a Joint Study Group to explore future possibility to an Economic Partnership between the two countries. Another meeting was conducted between the Indonesian Vice President and Japan Minister of foreign Affair in January 2005 which planned to hold a three round meeting in April 2005. This meeting recommended a negotiation on bilateral economic partnership agreement. A three round meeting was conducted in Bali, Jakarta and Tokyo. The meeting was attended the representative of related departments, agencies, academic and private sectors from two countries. These meetings discussed a wide range issues about the economic relationship particularly on the possibility to increase the benefits from the economic partnership. The last issue is that Japan has been the largest country for goods export destination from Indonesia and vice versa. Other things are that Indonesia is an important energy exporter to Japan, while Japan is the largest provider official development assistance for Indonesia (Join Study Group Report 2005, p. 4). Since the Asian economic crisis 1997, the direct investment from Japan declined although it was noted that Japan was the highest foreign investor in Indonesia with 19.7 % accumulated during 1967 2004 (Join Study Group Report 2005, p. 3). This is also supported by OECDs survey which noted that Japan was the highest investor in Asia from 1982 1997 (Japan Ministry of Finance cited in Thomsen 1999, pp. 12-13). But, these indicators are only a symptomatic of the real issues. As Lindblom (1968, p. 13) indicates that policy makers are not faced with a given problem. Therefore, in writers concern the real problems are that the economic crisis 1997 had weakened Indonesian to buy domestic metal-based products which have imported components (from Japan). The next stage of policy cycle is policy analysis. In this stage, policy analysts work based on the information gathered in relation with the identified issues. According to Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 38) policy analysis refers to the debates of public servants with the related professionals and experts in order to formulate information to decision makers. In relation with the issues of declining Japan investment and enhancing domestic metal-based industries above, the debate was held in the Department of Economic, Trade and Industry, involving the economists and the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce as representative of private sector. During this stage, policy analysts seek appropriate model to increase to make the goods are affordable to public. Economists may employ cost benefit analysis to reduce the goods price in order to support domestic industries. Alternatively, analysts may apply incremental rationality approach to reduce the trade tariffs rate gradually while hopi ng for positive impacts on the public and industries. In writers perspective, policy analysts work under Kingdons Garbage-can approach in selecting formulations of sequential post tariffs which have to be eliminated during the period of 2009 until 2012. The following step of policy cycle is choosing what policy instrument to be used, whether a policy need a new legislation or change programs or adjustment in the operational level. Selecting appropriate policy instruments is essential to a success of public policy because each instrument has its limitation. Drawing from Hoods classifications, the Australian public policy instrument is classified into advocacy, network, money, government action, and law (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 89). Each instrument has different capability to achieve policy goals. Some policies do not need to be in the form of legislation products. For example, to control the use of electricity, government may apply different rate for a certain level of power unit used. Otherwise, government may suggest publics to reduce electricity consumption through a campaign or subsidy. Regarding the information resulted by policy analysts in the Department of Economic, Trade and Industry, the Indonesian government chose law as instrument to implement policy on trade tariffs. According to the Government Decision no 42/2002, all public revenues should be regulated under the Minister of Finance regulation (Government of Indonesia 2002, President Decision no. 42/2002, article 2). Therefore, the policy on eliminating trade tariffs should be under the Minister of Finance decisions. However, the Indonesian government has to issue a decree as a base of ministerial decisions. There are two kinds of consultation, inside and outside organisation. The Minister of Finance conducts inside consultation through open debate and interactive with public in television broadcasting. Participants come from automotive industries owners, economists, and publics. In this session, the Ministry of Finance sough input and support from public regarding the proposal to eliminate trade tariffs gradually. The idea to hold public consultation is supported by Smith (2005, p. 30 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 89) who argues that open forum will enable different groups to express and learn the alternatives and give responses as a process of public deliberation. Another consultation session was conducted in legislation forum. Practically, an issue often captures the attention of legislative members which then call for clarification ministers. It is a formal and scrutiny session because as it is held between parliament members (the Commission IX) and the Ministry of Fi nance as government representative. The perception of legislative member will be considered by the Ministry of Finance to finalise the policy. Alternatively, policy makers can apply e-Consultation to reach a wider public participation. As McNutt (2006 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 117) argues that virtual policy networks will provide collaboration and coordination through online technology. The next stage of policy cycle is conducting coordination throughout the department or agencies. Developing policy needs coordination in order to develop coherence, consistency, and effectiveness when it comes to policy implementation. It is essential to build coordination because departments and agencies have their own functions (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, pp. 124-125). An example for this point is, in Indonesia, the Ministry of Finance holds important role on allocating budget to all departments and agencies. Furthermore, Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 129) explain that coordination starts from agencies submit proposal to government to allow other department provide opinions about the programs against the existing programs administered by other agencies. From this process, central agency may make a review on the proposals. This step applies the concept of Whole of Government approach in terms of synchronizing program of with overall agency activities (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 131). In assessing the proposal, central agency employs routine standards to assess the consistency of programs with other government objectives. In the case of eliminating trade tariffs barrier, Directorate General of International Trade Affair through the Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry submit the proposal to the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry of Finance asses the proposal in financial perspective the impact from eliminating trade tariffs to public revenue in budget statement. The information about revenue from the tariffs in the previous budget is valuable to predict the loss and to find its replacement. The Minister of Finance projects the implication of the regulation to the other sectors and make coordination with related departments and agencies, such as, employment sectors under the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration; taxation income from the increase of domestic industries in steel-based commodity under with the Ministry of Finance; the increase in fuel consumption as the effect of emerging industrial sector under the Minister of Mines and Energy. Coordination is essential for policy alignment. The argument is that support from interest groups, in this case is importers, company owners and civil servants in customs office, is important to the success of these regulations. When the regulations are implemented there will be many irresponsible actors who take advantage from the weaknesses of the regulation. Indeed, by issuing regulation on elimination trade tariffs on a certain goods, the opportunists will manipulate documents on other goods to get benefits. Decisions are formally made by parliament but sometimes policy only need government regulations. In the policy cycle, decision is an important key for the previous stages. Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 144) suggests that the proposal resulted from all sequential efforts are decided in this stage whether will be considered as a policy or not in the future. Furthermore, in cabinet arena, ministers have opportunity to act collectively to consider policy proposals before they are implemented. In the case of regulation on eliminating trade tariffs above, the Minister of Finance has promulgated the Minister of Finance regulation number 95/PMK.011/ 2008 dated 30 June 2008 (Observation and Research Taxation 2010, online). This regulation in the implementation of the Government of Indonesia Regulation number 36/2008 on legalisation of Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and Japan for an Economic Partnership (IJ-EPA). Policy implementation is the next stage after decision has been made in policy cycle. The outcome of regulation is often far from the expectation. The gap often becomes new issues in the public which often interesting for opposition groups. As noted by Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 159) that the failure of implementation will be use for the opponents and media to show the government weaknesses. Furthermore, they suggest that to avoid the failure, policy proposal should be examine well in every stage of policy cycle before submission to cabinet. The proponents of policy cycle emphasize the scrutiny on every step of policy analysis. Regarding the implementation of regulation on trade tariffs, there are many actors involve as policy guardian. In the bottom level of bureaucracy, customs officers stand in front line to maintain this regulation. As goods are imported through the sea, sea-port customs officers are often as culprits of breaches. However, other actors, such as interest groups (company owners and importers) also play pivotal role. Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 160) argue that the failure in policy implementation is because of government agencies lack of sufficient expertise and resources. The writer agrees with this perspective, however, in Indonesian public administration, it is worsen by unclear borders between public administrators, police department, and army in policy implementation. Indeed, their functions are by far different. That is why public policy often failure in implementation. Evaluation stage is the end and restart of policy cycle (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 179). Furthermore, evaluation provides three purposes; it questions how well a policy meets objectives in its implementation; it examines public servants accountability to their tasks; it suggests critical points to future policy refinement. However, evaluation often faces obstacles. Anderson (2005, p. 271-5 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 189) claim that obstacles may consists of uncertainty over policy goals, difficulty in determining causality, diffuse policy impacts, difficulty in data acquisition, resistance, and a limited time perspective. In Indonesian public administration, the actors of policy evaluation on elimination of trade tariffs are, the Inspectorate General on the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the Financial Audit Board. Moreover, supervisors in customs offices hold essential roles to the success of this regulation. The Inspectorate General has annual schedule evaluations to make sure all organisation functions are run well. In the writer perception, policy evaluation has to be comprehensive. It does not only evaluate the implementation of a policy, but also concern to wider impacts of a policy. The result of evaluation may be as inputs for other public policy. Indeed, regulation on eliminating trade tariffs has impacts on some aspects, such as, financial aspect, relates to revenue shifting from trade tariffs on imported goods to value added tax of steel industries; economic aspect, relates to economic growth on domestic industries; employment aspect, relates to job opportunity and unemployment ra te reduction; environmental aspect, relates to the increase of fuel consumption on industry and automotive sectors, decreasing air and water quality from emission. However, the Indonesian government often fail to do this. Overall, the stages in policy cycle concern to develop a good policy through a scrutiny process in clear frameworks. It helps policy makers to understand the policy process in different functions. This model is able to break down complex issues into manageable stages. It is a normative suggestion on sequence stages for policy making approach. However, this model takes times and money because of the long process. From the example above, it can be seen that the stage of identifying issue happened in 2004 and 2005 whereas the implementation of the policy started in 2008. Turning to the implementation of the Kingdons Garbage-can model, as mentioned above there are three streams problems, policies, and politics to develop agenda change. Public issues might occur from one of the streams, otherwise coupling three streams. Kingdon (1995, p.88 cited in Tienman and Burke 2002, p. 88; see also Kingdon 1995, p. 165 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p.77) describes policy windows opens when three streams converge to push issues to get solutions. A case study on government action in addressing the disaster of the Situ Gintung Dam in 2009 will demonstrate how the Garbage-can model formulates policy through three streams. The problems stream the burst of Situ Gintung dam greatly captures decision makers attention to push the government to take real actions. Although the disaster had been predicted since 2008, there was lack of government action to prevent it (Indonesias Urban Studies 2009, online). The Situ Gintung dam is located in Cirendeu, Ciputat subdistrict, Tangerang district, Banten Province, Indonesia. After the disaster happened on 27 March 2009, the Indonesian government in collaboration with non-governmental organisations found 99 death bodies and searched thousand people missing (Antara News 2009, online). Regardless the causing factors of the collapse of the dam, the disaster has led decision maker to push government action. Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 88) argues that problems and issues draw government attention in form of systemic indicators or public attentions. Furthermore, Anderson (1994 cited in Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 88) claims that the way how to identify problems will determine government response to place in agenda setting. It is evidence that the Situ Gintung disaster resulted public attention and systemic problems. Besides creating human victims, it degrades environment quality and reduces economic and social factors. Such as, the number of houses and areas destroyed by the food from the dam burst (Indonesia Matters 2009, online). This issue enables policy entrepreneurs to open windows of opportunity to create linkage between problems, policies and politics streams. This idea is underlined by Kingdon (1995 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p. 77) who contends that policy windows are opened by inducing problems or by event in political stream. Indeed, the impacts of this disaster attracts policy entrepreneurs to collaborate problems, interest groups, environmentalists, public opinion, executive, legislative members, to define policy solutions. As Kingdon (1995, p. 88 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p. 88) argues that problem is identified, solution is available, and the political climate supports to take action. It is evidence that the disaster happened before the general election 2009, where political actors seek votes from public in several ways in public. In response to the disaster of the Situ Gintung dam, in policy stream, the proposal of emergency response is implemented in trial and error concept. For example, event everything needs to be addressed quickly, government may receive unreliable data of victims about who, what and how, they should be addressed. It will be difficult to provide settlements, foods and other basic needs appropriately. Therefore, decision makers often work according to their own perspectives and assumptions. Kingdon (1995, p. 116 cited in Tiernan and Burke 1999, p.88) explains that policy proposal is floating like the metaphor of the the policy primeval soup. Policy proposal may or may not be directed towards solving substantive problems. In politics stream, policy proposal is revealed by national moods, pressure group campaigns, and administrators (Zahariadi, 1999, p. 77). Administrators accommodate public voice to formulate alternative solutions. For example the impacts from debris floods will increase the vulnerability of the area to many diseases. Therefore, government has to clean up the area by mobilising personnel on the Department of Health and the Department of Public Work. However, the writer believes that the occurrence of environmental, economic and social problems resulted from this disaster, will capture policy makers attention to propose regulation upon these issues. In this point, the concept of policy cycle will appear to finalised policies related to this issue. For example, in addressing social problems on the displaced citizens, policy makers may employ the concept of policy cycle method. Policy makers will start to identify problems, why they have to live close to the river streams; analyse the problems and propose alternative solution; seek policy appropriate instruments which can works; conduct consultation with public and internal government; hold coordination with related agencies, for example the Ministerial of Social affairs and the Ministry of Peoples Welfare; make a decision through legislation or government regulation; implement the decisions and evaluate the implementations. The two case studies above explain that in addressing public issues, policy makers possibly implement the two models of policy formulation although there is only one policy model which is dominate. However, the writer underlines that an issue may lead to another issues which need to be addressed comprehensively. In formulation a public policy, the two models of policy formulation, the policy cycle model and the Kingdons Garbage-can model may be implemented, but only one model will manifested itself. To sum up, there are two models for policy formulation, the policy cycle model and the Kingdons Garbage-can model. Both theories have strength and weaknesses. On one hand, policy cycle is frameworks for policy makers to understand policy formulation as a process rather than just a set of institutions. This model is able to disaggregate phenomena into manageable steps. In every stage, policy makers demonstrate their knowledge to find alternative solution in a logic sequence. Policy cycle serves as guidance for policy makers in formulating policies. This model is a normative suggestion and defending the view that a particular sequence is an appropriate way to approach the policy task. However, this model has weaknesses in term of time completion of a policy cycle. On the other hand, the Kingdons Garbage-can model which is developed from the ideas of Cohen, March and Olsen, provide critiques to the rational decision-making model (Hill 2009, p. 156). There are three streams in the agenda setting and alternative generation, problem stream, policies stream and politics stream. The three streams may result policy independently, otherwise in some critical moment there is multiple-streams. By coupling the three streams the issues will capture more policy makers attention to make a public policy. This model considers that policy organisational is in chaotic, complex and fluid as a result of uncertain and competing policy preference. Therefore, policy-making sometimes is irrational. From the case studies above, although it needs further research, it is argued that in formulation public policy, policy makers may follow the policy cycle method and the Kingdons Garbage-can model, but there is only one model which dominate in the process.